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Otto von Guericke
Otto von Guericke, engraving by Anselmus von Hulle, (1601-1674)
Otto von Guericke, engraving by Anselmus von Hulle, (1601-1674)
Born November 20, 1602
Magdeburg, Germany
Died May 11, 1686 (aged 83)
Hamburg, Germany
Citizenship German
Nationality German
Fields Vacuum physicist
Known for Research and experiment for vacuums

Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke, pronounced [ˈgeːʁɪkə]) (November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. His major scientific achievement was the establishment of the physics of vacuums.

Contents

Biography

Guericke was born to a patrician family of Magdeburg, Germany. He served as the mayor of Magdeburg from 1646 to 1676.

Air Pressure and the Vacuum

L'electrisée: an electrostatic device demonstrating "this virtue, almost magic,... called electric" (engraving, c. 1750)

In 1650 he invented a vacuum pump consisting of a piston and an air gun cylinder with two-way flaps designed to pull air out of whatever vessel it was connected to, and used it to investigate the properties of the vacuum in many experiments. Guericke demonstrated the force of air pressure with dramatic experiments. He had joined two copper hemispheres of 51 cm diameter (Magdeburg hemispheres) and pumped the air out of the enclosure. Then he harnessed a team of eight horses to each hemisphere and showed that they were not able to separate the hemispheres. When air was again let into the enclosure, they were easily separated. He repeated this demonstration in 1663 at the court of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg in Berlin, using 24 horses.

With his experiments Guericke disproved the hypothesis of "horror vacui", that nature abhors a vacuum, which for centuries was a problem for philosophers and scientists. Guericke proved that substances were not pulled by a vacuum, but were pushed by the pressure of the surrounding fluids.

Other research

Guericke applied the barometer to weather prediction and thus prepared the way for meteorology. His later works focused on electricity, but little is preserved of his results. He invented the first electrostatic generator, the "Elektrisiermaschine", of which a version is illustrated in the engraving by Hubert-François Gravelot, ca 1750 (illustration, right).

Guericke died on May 11, 1686 in Hamburg, Germany. The Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg is named after him.

Literature

(All these books are in German)

  • Die Welt im leeren Raum.
  • Otto von Guericke.
  • Neue 'Magdeburgische' Versuche über den leeren Raum
    • Otto von Guericke,
    • Reihe Ostwalds Klassiker, Bd. 59: Übersetzung von Guerickes "Experimenta nova Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio", 1672. (Magdeburger Halbkugeln) 1996,
    • ISBN 3-8171-3059-7
  • Guericke, Otto von: Gesamtausgabe, 24 Bde.
    • Bd.2/1/1 Guericke, Otto von: Otto von Guerickes Neue (so genannte) Magdeburger Versuche über den leeren Raum. Ottonis de Guericke Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio. Faksimile d. latein. Ausg., 1672. 2002.
    • ISBN 3-89923-015-9,

External links

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